ࡱ> |~{ gVbjbj 0gNRRRRRffffDf^H4666666, u#ZbRbRRwRR44 V2 0,## R bb# :   Political Science 246 Terry Schley Noto Fall 2016  HYPERLINK "mailto:tnoto@rochester.rr.com" tnoto@rochester.rr.com ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND POLICY COURSE OUTLINE AND READINGS: The class will include considerable class discussion as well as lectures. There will be two papers, student led discussion groups of specific cases, a midterm, a group project, and a final exam. Class attendance is expected; grades will reflect attendance and participation. OFFICE HOURS: I will have office hours before class from 2:00-3:00 Tuesdays and Thursdays in Harkness Room 308 or by appointment. The best way to contact me is by e-mail ( HYPERLINK "mailto:tnoto@rochester.rr.com" tnoto@rochester.rr.com), but also please feel free to call me at 383-0358. TEXTS: Royal C. Gardner, Lawyers, Swamps and Money, Island Press, 2011. James Salzman and Barton H. Thompson, Jr., Environmental Law and Policy, 4th ed. Concepts & Insights Series, Foundation Press, 2013. Richard J. Lazarus and Oliver A. Houck (eds), Environmental Law Stories, Foundation Press, 2005. Additional readings will be available on electronic reserve. All readings are required and should be read before class to enhance the value of both the lectures and the discussion. ASSIGNMENTS: Written assignments: Should be typed, double-spaced (1 inch margins and 12 pt font). Page lengths will be noted in this syllabus for each written assignment. Written assignments must be printed out and handed into me in class the day they are due. Points will be deducted for late work unless prior permission is given. Group case discussion leader assignments: Each student will have an opportunity to be part of a group that leads a class discussion of an environmental case study. GRADING: Attendance, participation, group projects, presentations and case discussion 15%; Short Paper 10%; Final Paper 15%; Midterm 25%; Final 35%. SCHEDULE OF CLASSES: Introduction and historical context (Sept. 6-8) Sept. 1 NO CLASS**** Sept. 6 Introduction and discussion We will review the syllabus, expectations for this class, and class structure. We will discuss: What is environmental law and policy? Why study it? I will describe my experience as a practitioner of environmental law. Students will signup for group case discussion leader assignments. Reading: Salzman, ch. 1 (pp 1-15); Richard J. Lazarus, The Making of Environmental Law (The University of Chicago Press, 2004), pp. 47-66. Sept. 8 The dawn of the modern environmental era the 1970s/The Environmental Decade: Passage of the major federal environmental laws, the birth of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the environmental movement and seeds of backlash. How do the challenges of the 1970s compare to todays environmental challenges? How does this compare with todays political climate and citizens expectations? Reading: Salzman, ch.2 (pp 17-47) A Fierce Green Fire, Act II in class viewing II. Endangered Species Act (ESA) (Sept. 13-22) Sept. 13 Historical underpinnings, purpose, and scope of ESA listing process for threatened & endangered species & prohibitions on takes: Shift in societal attitudes towards wildlife, passage and purpose of ESA, the role of U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service; statutory structure of the ESA: definitions of threatened and endangered species (T&E species), listing process, critical habitat designations, and take prohibitions. Reading: Salzman, ch. 10 (pp 287-294); ESA statute sections 3-4, 9 only ( HYPERLINK "https://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/ESAall.pdf" https://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/ESAall.pdf );Listing a Species as Threatened or Endangered (USFWS Jan. 2015) ( HYPERLINK "https://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/listing.pdf" https://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/listing.pdf ) Sept. 15 ESA, Federal Agencies & TVA v. Hill: Section 7 consultation requirement, biological opinions and jeopardy opinions by the Services, impact on federal agency actions (is this a veto power?), TVA v. Hill and the God Squad exemption. Reading: Environmental Law Stories: The Story of TVA v. Hill, pp 108-140; ESA statute sec. 7 only Group case discussion #1: A small group of students will come to class prepared to lead class discussion of this case. All other students should come to class prepared to discuss the case. Sept. 20 The ESA and private lands ~ the challenge of balancing T&E species needs for protection and habitat management with landowners private property uses: The ESA prohibition on takes, lack of funding or provisions mandating habitat maintenance/management, species reintroductions, and balancing T&E species and private property needs/interests through such tools as: incidental take permits, habitat conservation plans, safe harbor agreements, candidate conservation agreements, candidate conservation agreements with assurances, and voluntary conservation programs. Reading: Salzman, ch. 10 (pp 295-310); ESA statute sections 4(d), 9, 10; Our Endangered Species Program and How It Works With Landowners (USFWS July 2009) ( HYPERLINK "https://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/landowners.pdf" https://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/landowners.pdf ) In class viewing: A Vital Tool for Saving Endangered Species (Arizona Game and Fish), YouTube. I will distribute instructions and reading materials for Sept. 22nd group project and assign groups in class. Sept. 22 Group project Todays ESA Politics: Now that you have developed a basic understanding of how the ESA works, this is your opportunity to grapple with the reality that although most Americans support environmental protection, federal environmental laws, especially natural resource laws like the ESA, can be highly controversial. As a result, pressure can build in Congress to amend these laws. Did you know that there have been numerous attempts recently to weaken (or, in rarer instances, strengthen) the Endangered Species Act? Each group will analyze a recent bill to amend the ESA. During todays class, students will break out into their groups to discuss the assigned bill and analyze the questions asked in the handout. Each group will report on the results of their deliberations at the end of class. Written answers due in class on Sept. 22nd. Reading: ESA group project reading materials & handout. ESA group project: Come to class prepared to participate in the group project. Sept. 27 T&E species protection at home and abroad ~ the ESAs track record and relationship to T&E species international protection efforts: The ESAs track record at home (How do we measure success (is it fair to measure by extinctions averted, species recovering, species delisted?)? What are the implications of de-listing a species, both for the species and cooperative federalism impacts?). Protection of T&E species abroad: ESA listings & USFWS/NMFS role, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). In class viewing: The Endangered Species Act: 40 Years at the Forefront of Wildlife Conservation (USFWS), YouTube; PRI: How to Save Endangered Species, YouTube. Reading: Patrick Parenteau, Rearranging the Deck Chairs: Endangered Species Act Reforms in an Era of Mass Extinction (William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review, Vol. 22, 1998) only pp. 227-246, 274-311 ( HYPERLINK "http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1276&context=wmelpr" http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1276&context=wmelpr ) ESA Group Project Written Answers Due: Hand in written answers to the questions discussed in the last class per instructions in the handout. III. National Environmental Policy Act (Sept. 24-Oct 1) Sept. 27 Historical context; purpose and structure of NEPA: The need for comprehensive consideration of environmental impacts in all aspects of federal agency action, the role of CEQ, and the importance of the action forcing provisions of NEPA and the terms: EA, EIS, FONSI and categorical exclusion. Reading: Salzman, pp 333-349; NEPA statute ( HYPERLINK "https://ceq.doe.gov/laws_and_executive_orders/the_nepa_statute.html" https://ceq.doe.gov/laws_and_executive_orders/the_nepa_statute.html ) Sept. 29 Calvert Cliffs Coordinating Committee, Inc. v. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission: What is the lasting meaning of this case? Is it a pyrrhic victory for the AEC and the nuclear energy industry? What is the long-term meaning for NEPAs role and judicial review? Is this a story of judicial restraint and the limits of judicial authority that, ironically, helped launched a 1,000 lawsuits? Reading: Environmental Law Stories: The Story of Calvert Cliffs, pp 77-107 Group case discussion #2: A small group of students will come to class prepared to lead class discussion of this case. All other students should come to class prepared to discuss the case. I will distribute instructions and reading materials for short NEPA paper (due October 11th). Oct. 4 NEPA implementation, challenges, and legacy: is NEPA a success story? Assessing the complicated legacy of this simplest of environmental statutes. Reading: How Did We Get Divorced?: The Curious Case of NEPA and Planning by Oliver Houck (ELI 2009). Short paper: Write a 1-2 page memo from the USDA Office of General Counsel to APHIS providing your recommendation re whether an EA or an EIS is required by NEPA before APHIS can lift ban on planting GM Alfalfa. See handout for materials and instructions. IV. The Clean Water Act Jurisdictional waters & Protection of Wetlands and Small Streams in 404 Permit Program (Oct. 6-15) Oct. 6 Historical context, purpose and structure of the 404 program: Shift in public perception (from swamp to wetlands); evolving scientific understanding of wetland functions and values; Riverside Bayview Homes & the hydrologic cycle; extent of conversion of historic wetlands; activities and physical jurisdiction; core of 404 regulatory program (404(b)(1) Guidelines steps of avoidance, minimization and mitigation); roles of Army Corps of Engineers, US EPA, and states; general permits. Reading: Salzman, ch. 10, pp 275-287; Gardner, ch. 1, pp 5-14; ch. 2, pp 15-34; CWA Sections 101, 404, 502 (Gardner, Appendix pp. 209-211) Oct. 11 CWA jurisdiction, SWANCC and Rapanos & Carabell Supreme Court decisions, and proposed waters of the U.S. rule (WOTUS): CWA jurisdiction over waters of the U.S. (WOTUS), uncertainty caused by Supreme Courts decisions in SWANCC and Rapanos & Carabell, the 2015 WOTUS rulemaking, and subsequent actions by the courts. Reading: Gardner, ch. 3, pp 35-56; SWANCC majority opinion by J. Rehnquist & dissenting opinion by J. Stevens (handout); WOTUS rule (handout); Supreme Court Ruling Means More Clean Water Act Lawsuits Are Likely (Politico, 5/31/16) ( HYPERLINK "http://www.politico.com/story/2016/05/clean-water-act-supreme-court-223740" http://www.politico.com/story/2016/05/clean-water-act-supreme-court-223740 ) Group case discussion #3: A small group of students will come to class prepared to lead class discussion of SWANCC. All other students should come to class prepared to discuss the case. Oct. 13 Section 404 program implementation, gaps, loopholes, challenges and successes: Some key statistics (percentage of permits granted and percentage of EPA vetos); no net loss of wetlands policy and wetland delineation manual debate; exemptions for ongoing agriculture & silviculture, drainage loophole and the Tulloch rule; wetland mitigation banking; and takings challenges. Reading: Gardner, ch. 4, pp. 57-71, ch. 5, pp. 73-86. Oct. 18 NO CLASS Fall Break Oct. 20 Review for Midterm Exam Oct. 25 MIDTERM EXAM IV. Clean Water Act Water Pollution Control (Oct. 27-Nov. 5) Oct. 27 Historical underpinnings, purpose and regulatory strategy of the Clean Water Act ~ command & control regulation of discharges from point sources: Events triggering passage of a tough federal law, the ambitious goals of the Clean Water Act, the broad prohibition on discharges to waters of the U.S., NPDES permits & point sources, Publicly Owned Sewage Treatment Works (POTWs) & indirect dischargers. Reading: Salzman, ch. 7, pp. 173-188; CWA Sections 101, 301, and 402 ( HYPERLINK "https://www3.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/cwatxt.txt" https://www3.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/cwatxt.txt ). Groups assigned for group power point presentations. Nov. 1 Clean Water Act Todays biggest challenge to water quality ~ failure to address polluted runoff from nonpoint sources, like farm fields: Statutory exemptions for agriculture, water quality standards (narrative v. numeric), 303(d) list waters, Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs), load allocations and waste load allocations, state and federal agency roles & strategies, dead zones & algal blooms, and City of DesMoines lawsuit. Reading: Salzman, ch. 7, pp. 189-202; Oliver Houck, Cooperative Federalism, Nutrients, and the Clean Water Act: Three Cases Revisited (ELI 2014) ( HYPERLINK "http://www.law.tulane.edu/uploadedFiles/Faculty_and_Admin/Publications/Houck_4410426.pdf" http://www.law.tulane.edu/uploadedFiles/Faculty_and_Admin/Publications/Houck_4410426.pdf ) Algae Blooms and Their Toxic Fallout (Milwaukee Journal Sentinel) viewed in class. Powerpoint presentations in class. Nov. 3 Clean Water Act and the Safe Drinking Water Act: The challenges of addressing the issues of urban stormwater, sewage waste, and providing safe drinking water. What protections are provided by the CWA and the SDWA? What infrastructure challenges do we face and how to we address them? What is happening in Flint? Reading: Aging Pipes Are Poisoning Americas Tap Water (The Atlantic Monthly, July 29, 2015) ( HYPERLINK "http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/07/dont-drink-the-water/399803/" http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/07/dont-drink-the-water/399803/ ) ; Whats in Your Water? Flint and Beyond (NRDC Report, June 2016) ( HYPERLINK "https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/whats-in-your-water-flint-beyond-report.pdf" https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/whats-in-your-water-flint-beyond-report.pdf ); Toxic Waters: As Sewers Fill, Waste Poisons Waterways (New York Times, Nov. 22, 2009) ( HYPERLINK "http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/23/us/23sewer.html" http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/23/us/23sewer.html ); Toxic Waters: Saving U.S. Water and Sewer Systems Would Be Costly (New York Times, March 15, 2010) ( HYPERLINK "http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/15/us/15water.html" http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/15/us/15water.html ); Toxic Waters: That Tap Water is Legal But May Be Unhealthy (New York Times, December 16, 2009) ( HYPERLINK "http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/17/us/17water.html" http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/17/us/17water.html ) Water crisis in Flint, Michigan, draws federal investigation (CNN January 9, 2016) ( HYPERLINK "http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/05/health/flint-michigan-water-investigation/" http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/05/health/flint-michigan-water-investigation/ ) viewed in class. Powerpoint presentations (continued). Nov. 8 Clean Water Act Enforcement: CWA as a strict liability statute with criminal and civil penalties. Enforcement role of EPA, states and citizens. Discharge Monitoring Reports (DMRs), citizen suits, and constraints. Reading: Environmental Law Stories: The Story of Laidlaw: Standing and Citizen Enforcement, pp 200-236; CWA Sections 309, 505. Group case discussion #4: A small group of students will come to class prepared to lead class discussion of Laidlaw. All other students should come to class prepared to discuss the case. V. Clean Air Act (Nov. 10-Nov. 17) Nov. 10 Historical underpinnings, purpose and regulatory strategy of the Clean Air Act: Historical air quality and public health concerns, the ambitious goals and regulatory strategy of the CAA, Uniform National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQs), state implementation plans (SIPs) & balancing state/federal roles, nonattainment zones, new source performance standards (NSPSs) for stationary sources. Reading: Salzman, ch. 5, pp. 111-123; Lead Industries Association, Inc. v. EPA, 647 F.2d 1130 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (handout). In class viewing: Donora Smog Incident 1948 (YouTube) Nov. 15 Whitman v. American Trucking Associations industry challenge over EPAs NAAQs for ozone & particulate matter: Consider the economic, policy and legal arguments, including the regulatory compliance & human health costs, the CAA statutory language, and environmental policy goals re NAAQs for ozone & particulate matter. Reading: Environmental Law Stories: The Story of American Trucking: The Blockbuster Case that Misfired, pp. 320-348. Group case #4: A small group of students will come to class prepared to lead class discussion of this case. All other students should come to class prepared to discuss the case. Nov. 17 CAA & regulatory innovation: Regulation of mobile sources and toxic air pollutants (shift from NESHAPs to industry by industry MACTs), trading & acid rain, ozone depletion & Montreal Protocol. CAA wrap up. Reading: Salzman, ch. 5, pp. 123-138, ch. 6, pp. 141-149. Nov. 22 NO CLASS VI. CERCLA, RCRA and the 1980s Nov. 29 Historical underpinnings, purpose and statutory overview of the CERCLA (the Superfund) and the zeitgeist of the 1980s: Love Canal, the lame duck Congress and strong public support for the Superfund; the reporting, clean up and liability provisions (joint and several, strict liability); how the legal and scientific communities ramped up to implement CERCLA; and CERCLAs legacy. Reading: Salzman, ch. 9, pp. 247-267. In class viewing: The Love Canal Disaster: Toxic Waste in the Neighborhood (You Tube) Dec. 1 Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA): Why RCRA? Preventing future Superfunds. RCRA: recordkeeping and waste disposal; the exemption for recycling. How does RCRAs track record and legacy compare with CERCLA? Reading: Salzman, ch. 9, pp. 231-247; How Has BPs Oily Waste Escaped Hazardous Label? (New York Times, July 20, 2010). Provide handout in class of topics and instructions for Final Paper due Dec. 13th a 3-5 page paper on an emerging environmental challenge, the impacts of climate change, and your policy recommendations to address. VII. Emerging challenges & climate change (Dec. 4-10) Dec. 6 Climate change and U.S. environmental laws With the 2015 UN Paris Climate Change Agreement, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change scientific assessments, the US Supreme Courts stay of EPAs coal-fired power plant regulations, and this years Presidential election, this is an exciting and uncertain time. Is the Paris Agreement binding? Is the US likely to comply? Will traditional approaches to environmental law and policy be sufficient to address emerging environmental challenges and climate change? Reading: No, The Paris Agreement Isnt Binding. Heres Why That Doesnt Matter (ThinkProgress, Dec. 14, 2015) ( HYPERLINK "https://thinkprogress.org/no-the-paris-climate-agreement-isnt-binding-here-s-why-that-doesn-t-matter-62827c72bb04#.9gewvouij" https://thinkprogress.org/no-the-paris-climate-agreement-isnt-binding-here-s-why-that-doesn-t-matter-62827c72bb04#.9gewvouij ); Supreme Court Deals Blow to Obamas Efforts to Regulate Coal Emissions (New York Times, Feb. 9, 2016) ( HYPERLINK "http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/10/us/politics/supreme-court-blocks-obama-epa-coal-emissions-regulations.html" http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/10/us/politics/supreme-court-blocks-obama-epa-coal-emissions-regulations.html ); Five Key Takeaways from the Latest Climate Change Report (National Geographic, Nov. 2, 2014). Dec. 8 Climate change discussion continued. No reading assignment; work on papers. Dec. 13 Review for Final Exam Final Paper: Due in class. Dec. 20 Final Exam at 8:30 a.m. -6=>ijk $ & W  D F   2 G H I Ӵ⬠xmhRhjWxOJQJhjWx6OJQJh}i8hjWx0JOJQJ#jh^hjWxOJQJUjhjWxOJQJUhjWxOJQJh(hjWx0JOJQJ#jh(hjWxOJQJUjh(hjWxOJQJUh(hjWxOJQJh1"OJQJh(h OJQJ*-   H I 0 1 9:gdjWxI t  / 1 l n  89:bshh1"h1"OJQJh1"h1"56OJQJh1"h1"6OJQJhXhjWx56OJQJhdhjWx6OJQJh1"6OJQJh(hjWx>*ϴ³>*ϴϴ1"ϴ0³*ϴ³ϴ(³6Oϴ(³ϴ&:<>a./"#^gdDr1gd7AHgdjWx7Yrstu: #Wxø尧sj_hz?hjWxOJQJhjWx6OJQJhhjWx6OJQJh.FOJQJh(hjWx>*ϴ1"ϴ775Oϴ75Oϴ7ϴ1"5>*ϴ³5>*ϴ(³5>*ϴ³5Oϴ³ϴ(³ϴϴ%6:;<=?HbuOPR[^~м{h1~OJQJh(hjWx5>*OJQJh1~5>*OJQJhjWx5>*OJQJh(hjWx5OJQJhjWx5OJQJhv'hjWxOJQJhjWx6OJQJhjWxOJQJhjWx>*OJQJh(hjWx>*OJQJh(hjWxOJQJh1"OJQJ.#%&_`b*+-./78P[\-U͵٭͵٢xl`h hjWx6OJQJh hjWx>*OJQJh hjWx6>*OJQJhjWx>*OJQJh1~OJQJh(hjWxOJQJhhhDr1OJQJhjWxOJQJhA%hDr10JOJQJhDr1hDr1OJQJjhDr1OJQJUhDr1OJQJhDr16OJQJhjWx6OJQJhG-hjWx6OJQJ!U`lz{|*+4JRSRk)*˿˷߮ߦߞߞߖr7jhT_hT_>*B*OJPJQJU^Jph8nwh8nhbFOJQJhT_OJQJht(OJQJh1~OJQJhjWx>*OJQJhDr1OJQJh@hjWx6OJQJh@h@6OJQJh@OJQJhjWxOJQJh(hjWxOJQJh hjWx6>*OJQJ##IJ )!*!z!|!##6$7$%^gd^gdq^gd}RN^gdT_gdjWx*uv;?GUY]_`no̸裛vvk`Q`vvF>hDr1OJQJh(hjWxOJQJhh56H*OJQJh56OJQJhjWx56OJQJh hjWx6OJQJhjWx6OJQJhjWxOJQJh}RNOJQJh[OJQJ(hT_>*B*OJPJQJ^Jph8nwh8n&hT_hT_0JOJPJQJ^Jwh8n7jhT_hT_>*B*OJPJQJU^Jph8nwh8n.hT_hT_>*B*OJPJQJ^Jph8nwh8nb +!$$$$$$$䕄vhvh9~OJPJQJ^JaJ(hqOJPJQJ^JaJ( hqhqOJPJQJ^JaJ(hqOJQJhJsOJQJhhjWxOJQJh(hjWx6OJQJh;hjWx>*OJQJhXhjWxH*OJQJhOJQJhWE@OJQJhjWxOJQJhjWx>*OJQJh(hjWxOJQJ#$$ % %%%%h%j%k%%%%%%%K&L&M&N&S&^&&&&&̴ة靕~rfXMXEhJsOJQJhjWx5>*OJQJh(hjWx5>*OJQJh(hjWx5OJQJhQ>hjWx6OJQJh(hjWx6OJQJh!Q"hjWxOJQJhjWxOJQJh!Q"hjWx>*OJQJhhjWxOJQJhA%h0JOJQJhhOJQJjhOJQJUhOJQJh6OJQJhjWx6OJQJhhjWx56OJQJ%%L&N&&&''}(~( * *W*Y*++y+z++,,,,--../^gd?^gdgdjWx&&&& ' '''''''''''3(5(6(y(z(|(}(((( * *=*K*X*Z*r****++++:+>+~uih hz[6OJQJhz[6OJQJh phjWx6OJQJh%hjWx6>*OJQJhA%h0JOJQJhhOJQJjhOJQJUhOJQJh RhjWxOJQJhjWx6OJQJhjWxOJQJhjWx>*OJQJh(hjWx>*OJQJh(hjWxOJQJ)>+F+R+e+f+j+t+v+w+y+z+++++,),1,Y,y,~,,,,,,,-W----ܿܳ{rfZQhjWx5OJQJh?hjWx6OJQJh?h?6OJQJhjWx>*OJQJhz[>*OJQJh?OJQJh(hjWx>*OJQJh(hjWxOJQJhJsOJQJhjWxOJQJh?hz[5OJQJh?h?56H*OJQJh?hz[56OJQJh?h?56OJQJh hz[6OJQJhz[6OJQJ------.... . .G.J...b/////O0U0Y0~0000000000i1p1t11ɽɵɪɪ~~ɪujujuaahjWx6OJQJhjWx6>*OJQJhjWx>*OJQJh?OJQJhJ)hjWx>*OJQJh%hjWx6OJQJh(hjWx>*OJQJh(hjWxOJQJhJsOJQJhJshjWx5OJQJhjWxOJQJhjWx5OJQJh(hjWx5>*OJQJhjWx5>*OJQJh(hjWx5OJQJ%//0011\3]34455555566-6.6n6o6 8 8888^gdKwgdJs^gdgdjWx11111132C2Y2222 3 33X3Y3[3^3v3x3333333444$4r4555555ݾɱ}rri`hm5OJQJhJs5OJQJh(hJsOJQJh(hJs>*OJQJhJsOJQJhjWx6OJQJh(hjWxOJQJh,\hjWx>*OJQJhA%h0JOJQJhhOJQJjhOJQJUh[OJQJhOJQJh:hjWxOJQJhjWxOJQJhm0hOJQJ%555556666,6-626D6k6l6m6n6o6v6w6x667 7h7 88O8Q8R8^88888888Ӽөߡߕߩߩxmx`xhA%hKw0JOJQJhKwhKwOJQJjhKwOJQJUhKwOJQJhjWx>*ϴ(³>*ϴϴ³ϴ³5>*ϴ(³5>*ϴ³5Oϴ(³5Oϴ(³ϴ5Oϴ5Oϴ%88888999::::::::::;<;=;I;;;;;;;Z<[<t<~<<<<<<<<<<=======ĸĭĸĘԇwhOJQJhOJQJh40SOJQJh>*ϴϴA%!<0JOJQJh!<h!<OJQJjh!<OJQJUh!<OJQJhOJQJhjWxOJQJhjWx>*ϴϴ(³ϴmϴ.88::<<Z<[<<<==]B^BkClCCCuDvDDDEEEE^gd;*^gdXgd!<^gd!<gdjWx== >">#>/>>>>>>>>??(?|?~????????*@/@1@2@>@o@q@r@@@@@@@@ AAAALANAOAAAAܼԴ訐ԅ}}ܼ}ԅ}ܼhjWxOJQJh(hjWxOJQJhA%h0JOJQJhhOJQJjhOJQJUh/1OJQJhA%hX0JOJQJhXhXOJQJhXOJQJjhXOJQJUhOJQJhHOJQJh6OJQJ1AAAAAAA%B'B(BYBZB\B]BeBBBB C C CTCUCWCjCkClCCCCCCCCsDumbYhjWx>*OJQJh(hjWxOJQJhJsOJQJh(hOJQJhKwOJQJhOJQJhA%h;*0JOJQJh;*h;*OJQJjh;*OJQJUh;*OJQJhGOJQJhA%hAl0JOJQJhAlhAlOJQJjhAlOJQJUhAlOJQJh6OJQJhjWxOJQJ"sDtDuDDDDDDEEIEXEeEfEmEEEEEEEEEEEEE4FjFFpGsGuGwGGGGGGGG*H+Hxmh,hmO'OJQJhmO'OJQJhF OJQJhJsOJQJh(hjWx5>*OJQJhjWx5>*OJQJh(hjWx5OJQJhJalhjWx>*OJQJhjWx6OJQJhjWx6>*OJQJh hjWx6OJQJhjWxOJQJh(hjWx>*OJQJh(hjWxOJQJ*ErGtGGG+H,HvIwIIIJJ|K}KKKKKKKvMwMMMMMNN^gdS1gdjWx+H,H3H5H^HHIIIIIIIIJJJJJJmKnK|K}KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK6LPLoLuMM帯夘|pph(hjWx>*OJQJh(hjWx56OJQJhhjWx5>*OJQJh(hjWx5OJQJhEVhjWxOJQJh5OJQJhOJQJhQPOJQJhjWx6OJQJhjWx>*OJQJhjWx6>*OJQJh(hjWxOJQJhJsOJQJhjWxOJQJ+MMN)NSNxNTOUOVOsOOOOOOOP%P.P/P0PLP[PbPgPhPŹzrjr^UIUIh(hjWx5OJQJhjWx5OJQJhShjWx6OJQJh lOJQJhWOJQJhwOJQJhS1hw6OJQJhS1hjWx56H*OJQJhS1h4456OJQJhS1hjWx56OJQJhS1hjWx6OJQJhS1hW6OJQJhhjWxOJQJh(hjWxOJQJhjWx>*OJQJhjWxOJQJhS1OJQJNUOVO0P1PgPhPsRtRUUUUVV"V#V?V@VaVbVcVdVeVfVgV^gdW^gdS1gdjWxhPnPpPqP~PPPQQQR&RRR}RRRRnSpSqSSSS:T[T\ThTTTTCUDUUUUUUUUUUUUVV팄Ȅyh lhS1OJQJhS1OJQJh lOJQJhA%hW0JOJQJhWhWOJQJjhWOJQJUhWOJQJh vOJQJhjWxOJQJhz7BOJQJh(hjWx>*OJQJh v>*OJQJh(hjWxOJQJh44OJQJ,VV V!V$V/V>V?V@VGVaVeVgVẶhjWxh(hjWxOJQJhhjWxOJQJhjWxOJQJhjWx>*OJQJh(hjWx5OJQJh445OJQJhjWx5OJQJ .:pjWx/ =!"#$% DyK yK <mailto:tnoto@rochester.rr.comDyK yK <mailto:tnoto@rochester.rr.com666666666vvvvvvvvv666666>6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666hH666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662 0@P`p2( 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p8XV~ OJPJQJ_HmH nH sH tH D`D ^NormalCJPJ_HaJmH sH tH DA D Default Paragraph FontRiR Table Normal4 l4a (k ( No List 6U`6 ^0 Hyperlink >*B*phD@D ^0 Balloon TextCJOJQJaJRoR ^0Balloon Text CharCJOJPJQJ^JaJPK!pO[Content_Types].xmlj0Eжr(΢]yl#!MB;.n̨̽\A1&ҫ QWKvUbOX#&1`RT9<l#$>r `С-;c=1g'}ʅ$I1Ê9cY<;*v7'aE\h>=,*8;*4?±ԉoAߤ>82*<")QHxK |]Zz)ӁMSm@\&>!7;ɱʋ3װ1OC5VD Xa?p S4[NS28;Y[꫙,T1|n;+/ʕj\\,E:! t4.T̡ e1 }; [z^pl@ok0e g@GGHPXNT,مde|*YdT\Y䀰+(T7$ow2缂#G֛ʥ?q NK-/M,WgxFV/FQⷶO&ecx\QLW@H!+{[|{!KAi `cm2iU|Y+ ި [[vxrNE3pmR =Y04,!&0+WC܃@oOS2'Sٮ05$ɤ]pm3Ft GɄ-!y"ӉV . `עv,O.%вKasSƭvMz`3{9+e@eՔLy7W_XtlPK! ѐ'theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsM 0wooӺ&݈Э5 6?$Q ,.aic21h:qm@RN;d`o7gK(M&$R(.1r'JЊT8V"AȻHu}|$b{P8g/]QAsم(#L[PK-!pO[Content_Types].xmlPK-!֧6 -_rels/.relsPK-!kytheme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK-!!Z!theme/theme/theme1.xmlPK-! ѐ'( theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPK]# gN I U*$&>+-158=+M,.01235679:;=>?:#%/8EN-/48<@DG=j %_*)uj5 y * +X+Q000<333"6667~7718q889N999':Y:: ;T;JpKK[LLCMgNXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXOV) 0 2 5 H O +HQkz '((("(%(2(5(((((t){)~))))*Y+,,1-=-----000 0Q00222222<33\4f444"6677188999Z::U;m;w;~????CCCCCCEEEEEEFFFFJJJqKKK[LDMiNIA B `bz | ##9$;$Y+[+--0033\4~46677U;W;m;;<-<.<r<CCGGKK@N_NiN:::::::::::::::::::::::j|n80^8`05o(. ^`hH. pL^p`LhH. @ ^@ `hH. ^`hH. L^`LhH. ^`hH. ^`hH. PL^P`LhH.jP D        :9[/1GbWH1"mO't(;*S1Dr1.;!<?@WE@z7BbF.F7AH}RNQP40S=)VT_m0h-rkAlJs vKwjWx1~9~-44 F 6e!z[ lw[SPmXqgNiN@~xgN`@UnknownG*Ax Times New Roman5Symbol3 *Cx Arial7@Cambria;[xPHelveticaURoboto-RegularCalibriC  PLucida GrandeA$BCambria Math 1hH'H' B ( B (Ahh24?N?NA`HP?'^2  Terry NotoAnneMarie Tyll  Oh+'0@  , 8 DPX`hp' Terry Noto Normal.dotmAnneMarie Tyll2Microsoft Macintosh Word@F#@/+@/+  BGPICTb HHb bHH{Ubb4w{{w{{s{{{Gg9^^Z^^kZZkZ^c{^Rs g9g9Zcs^cZckZg9ZZc6{ww{w{w{w{{{ww{w{?cg9ZwZg9^sck_ck_g?k_k_o^k_cosg?wog?g?1wo{o{wo{ws{ZRZ^Z^ZcZK!wo{g9o{g9kZg9o{g9kZkZg9kZo{so{o{so{kZkZo{g9kZsco{cso{kZsK!wkZco{kZcg9o{ckZg9co{o{kZkZg9o{wckZo{wkZckZo{kZkZ^kZkZ{o{2{w{w{w{w{w{w{Gg9cg9g9Z^Vwg9Rwg9g9kZZZ{^g9ZZkZg9^^g9Z^Vg9^{B{w{ww{w{ww{w{{w{w{{w{s{{ww{CkZkZw{kZww{wo{kZwskZwkZw{ws{skZskZkZw{o{sw{g9{swwss{w{wwo{ss{o{so{ws{kZkZsswwkZsg9wswwDo{s^o{kZccs^kZkZo{^g9c^g9o{g9^kZcZkZ^cg9o{kZ^co{cg9g9c^ccsckZg9g9kZo{^s^g9ccg9kZo{^^g9wg9csg9g9sckZww{w{w{s{o{wws{so{s{#w{w{w{ww{{o{ww{wg9{w{{{swg9{ss{s{{w{w{wwws{CcZZc^sg9^^ZZo{cco{^Zg9^^cc^cg9cZZo{co{ZZckZ^g9o{^c^kZkZo{cZ^c^csckZ^c^ZkZccVcg9s^^kZg9Os{{wwsw{www{{ww{{sg9VNsc^^VRkZg9g9ZVkZNsVRR^kZc^^VZVwVNs^o{^^kZR^VZg9ZRZRRNsZ^o{NsVg9VcRJRZVg9wsww# kZVg9g9Zg9o{g9Vg9kZ^cg9# wkZw{kZswso{sso{o{ss{wo{o{w{{{cs{ww{&s{o{{wo{{{kZw{{o{wkZwswkZwkZw{{o{{{{{skZo{{wws{so{{o{{o{o{cg9g9Z^csc^^co{Z^Zg9o{Zg9^Zo{^o{^g9Vo{kZkZckZ co{kZ^cZ^^g9o{Z^o{o{^Rg9g9kZckZ^Z^w:w{w{{o{{w{w{q^ZZVVs^NskZVo{ZkZZVVZRVRcZRkZVZNso{^Vg9ZkZcZVRRg9VVo{Vc^s^cVZV%{{{ww{{{w7k[^g?^ccg?ck_^g?^k_o^sk_cco{kZc^w^csc^ckZkZg9c^kZg9g9wcskZVkZg9cwg9o{cZcg9VcZu/w^^c^V^c^^Z^^c^c^c^o{{wswss{kZssws{so{{wsws{so{{wswsw{{w{o{kZskZo{kZo{g9o{c{޴Kw{{w{{w{{{{w{ww{{mcZ^c^g9{g9kZNscNsVg9sg9^g9^^c^VZco{^Zg9^V^^g9wg9V^ZVg9^^Zo{o{^Zo{5w{{{s{{{{{{ {%o{o{kZo{skZo{g9kZo{so{wkZg9o{g9o{kZso{kZkZ{^kZo{kZkZwo{scskZo{so{o{wo{skZo{{swwskZo{kZkZsw{kZg9{o{o{sckZco{wg9kZg9g9o{ccso{co{kZkZso{kZg9 ^kZg9kZwkZsso{kZskZg9kZkZo{o{g9o{wg9kZg9swkZkZo{wkZskZsMsw{ wkZ{s{wo{s{sw{kZ{o{ww{{c{o{kZssW'kZkZ^Z^Vco{Rw^V^Z^g9kZZg9ZcwccZVZZ^^o{g9^c^{kZco{kZ{{{޻Uw{{{{{{ws{{{{{{ws{#cZg9VRco{kZkZo{ZZ^^sVVg9g9Rcc^wcNscZg9^kZ^V^wc^kZZZ^cZco{g9ccsV^kZ^g9c^ZVVR^^o{Y{{{{{{w{w{{{{{{{{{{{ccg9g9{g9ZVcwwo{sww{޷xw{so{s{{w{{s{{{o{ws{o{sss{w{{skZ{s{{{w{s sVZZ^^Z^o{ZVVZsZ^o{c^o{^ZZ^^ZsZcc^cZVkZc^Zccg9wc^kZ^ZR^kZ^ckZ^ZZg9^c^ZZawws{s{wwwwswws{w{{ww{wws{'cVZVVg9RkZZZVg9RV^ZccZNscg9^cRVZNsZo{VRs^VV^kZZg9ZcRkZ^Z^RVZo{RRcVZkZVVZVVZVg9o{c^cVg9Z^g9g9# {o{sso{swsso{wswskso{{w{{o{w{ss{w{wwws{w{wswo{{w{wkZcZVo{RcVRVVcw^RZZRg9Zo{ZZVVsZo{NsZVZRkZo{o{ZcVkZVRZZRkZZR^o{kZkZVkZ^RkZkZ`cg9kZkZckZcckZkZ^^g9kZwww{{w w{w{{w{q.g9VV^o{RVNsV^kZ^^g9RkZVZVZkZNsg9ZZkZZZ^RZVo{^Zg9VcVg9VcRRcZZVRRVZs{w{s kZ^g9kZo{kZ{kZskZkZg9kZskZkZo{o{kZkZsc^c^Zo{ccwkZo{o{co{kZg9o{kZo{wkZso{swg9o{sscso{g9ssco{wo{o{w {swo{so{so{sco{ wo{wso{o{swsckZ g9csg9cwo{o{wo{kZo{wo{wo{wo{wso{kZswo{wkZkZswo{o{wkZs{o{o{wg9wss{{skZss{o{{kZ{s{o{sw{o{s{wkZwwkZo{w{wsww{wwsw{wswwng9ckZo{g9o{o{g9g9sg9wc o{ckZcg9cg9kZo{g9kZVVc^kZcg9g9skZco{^kZcg9g9o{kZs^g9E{{w{wswwww{{w9g9V^RRo{ZV^g9RV^RcVVg9VZRRsRVZRVR^VNsw^VcVkZRVRZVkZ^^kZNsZ^o{Nsg9^RVZRVckZZkZVw0skZcg9kZg9kZcckZwwww+g9^Zs^so{g9^cco{Vccg9ccZso{o{Vg9kZ^g9g9cg9^g9^s^s^s^g9cg9c^c ^o{ccskZ^cZ{yo{sw{w{wcwwkZ{wsw{s&{{wsw{swsswsww{w{s{s{w{wswswswwsww{sso{{pskZo{g9g9o{so{ws{wso{{swsws{wssswwswswswg9{w{w{Co{ZkZckZco{^g9{kZg9^g9ZZccg9kZg9cckZZcc^^o{ZccVsZcZg9kZ^w^cg9^cc^ccZs^^kZg9^^o{^^g9c^ccse wws{{s{sw wss{wswkZwo{sss{swso{{o{ws{o3o{g9o{csZNsV^g9^RVg9kZZo{^kZkZRZkZ^ZRNs{g9cg9kZg9VZRZRVscg9g9wcVVZo{ckZg9ww {޲3g9Zcc^cNssg9^g9c^g9wg9^g9ZVg9c.wssw{ss{ww{ws{swsww ՜.+,D՜.+,@ hp  '91̳(?N  Title  8@ _PID_HLINKS'A8 lM3mhttp://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/10/us/politics/supreme-court-blocks-obama-epa-coal-emissions-regulations.htmlY/0rhttps://thinkprogress.org/no-the-paris-climate-agreement-isnt-binding-here-s-why-that-doesn-t-matter-62827c72bb04 .9gewvouij-Ihttp://www.cnn.com/2016/01/05/health/flint-michigan-water-investigation/4*2http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/17/us/17water.html<'2http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/15/us/15water.html0$2http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/23/us/23sewer.htmlRY!Uhttps://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/whats-in-your-water-flint-beyond-report.pdf DQhttp://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/07/dont-drink-the-water/399803/pFYhttp://www.law.tulane.edu/uploadedFiles/Faculty_and_Admin/Publications/Houck_4410426.pdf`s+https://www3.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/cwatxt.txtz{Khttp://www.politico.com/story/2016/05/clean-water-act-supreme-court-223740WDhttps://ceq.doe.gov/laws_and_executive_orders/the_nepa_statute.htmlsZNhttp://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1276&context=wmelpr% >https://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/landowners.pdfn, ;https://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/listing.pdf? :https://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/ESAall.pdfSWmailto:tnoto@rochester.rr.comSWmailto:tnoto@rochester.rr.com  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJLMNOPQRTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdfghijklmnopqrtuvwxyz}Root Entry F22Data K1TableS#WordDocument0SummaryInformation(epDocumentSummaryInformation8sCompObj` F Microsoft Word 97-2004 DocumentNB6WWord.Document.8